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, which is a paragraph separator, or ('begin bold') and ('end bold'). So the followingHTML text:

produces:

This sentence contains bold text.

A Web page starts with a series of HTML commands, and ends witha few more. The contents go in between:

(Contents go here)

The first line (DOCTYPE) specifies which markuplanguage the page uses(HTML = Hypertext MarkupLanguage); just copy this line. The nextline, , starts the page, and is matchedby the last line, , which closes thepage. , starts the heading, whichcontains a title to be displayed on the browser's title bar and adeclaration of the character set (nowadays it should always beUTF-8) and the 'viewport'line which is a compulsory adaptation for cell phones, 'smart' watches, etc. closes the heading.

The tag starts the body of thedocument, is closed by tag.

As you can see, most HTML commands come in begin-end pairs:.,., etc. The closing part of the commandhas a slash (/) between the < and the first letter ofthe command.

Blank lines and line breaks are ignored. The browser automatically 'flows'your text into lines and paragraphs that fit in its window. Paragraphs mustbe separated by

. Line breaks can be forced by
.

https://zarodscastca1981.wixsite.com/optiondownload/post/how-to-get-jw-library-on-mac. Now to see your new web page, just double-click on the Web folder andthen double-click on index.html.

Now you're ready to start adding 'content' to your web page. Go back toNotePad and replace the title and '(Contents go here)' with whatever youwant. Any time you want to see the result, useFile->Save in NotePad and thenclick the Reload button on your browser.

The next sections tell how to achieve different kinds of effects.

3. Special Characters

If you are a Kermit user, youcan find a script to convert plain text to HTMLHERE.

If the text contains lists, tables, or other structures, read on.

If you have a Microsoft Word document you want to convert to HTML, and yourcopy of Word does not allow the file to be 'Saved As' HTML, then save it asplain text and follow the same instructions. In this case you lose the'richness' (bold, italics, font changes, etc) when you save the file, andwill have to put the effects back by hand (next section).

5. Effects

and endit with

.
):

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• This is a List Item (
• ).
• This is another item.
• This is yet another item.
Here is an Ordered (numbered) List (
.
):
1. This is a List Item (
2. ).
3. This is another item.
4. This is yet another item.

And here is a Description List (

).using Kermit commands as an example:

SET FILE TYPE BINARY

This command tells Kermit to transfer files in binary mode. In otherwords, don't mess with the file, just send it as-is. The result on thereceiving computer should be identical to the original.

SET FILE TYPE TEXT

This command tells Kermit to transfer files in text mode. This should beused with plain-text files, especially when transferring them betweencomputers with different file formats or operating systems, such as VMS andUnix, or Unix and Windows. It converts the file's format and character-set(if necessary) so the received file is usable on the destination computer.

You can have lists within lists:

1. A gromet
2. A widget
3. A framus, which consists of the following components:
   • A doohickey.
   • A veeblefetzer -- these come in several colors:
     1. Purple
     2. Purple
     3. Purple
   • A whatchamacallit.
4. A doodad.

And you can have ordered lists that use letters instead of numbers:

1. Pennies
2. Nickels
3. Dimes
4. Quarters

7. Links

Links can be internal within a Web page (like tothe Table of Contents at the top), or theycan be to external web pages or pictures on the same website, or theycan be to websites, pages, or pictures anywhere else in the world.

Here is a link to the KermitProject home page. And here is what the HTML looks like:

The part inside the quotes is called the URL (Uniform Resource Locator).Here is a link to Section 4 of this document, and theHTML:

The '#' indicates an internal section ID, in this case:

Text Editor Notepad

Here is a link toSection 4.0 ofanother document, at another website;the C-Kermit for UnixInstallation Instructions. And the HTML:

Here is a link to a picture:CLICK HERE to see it.

If you want to link to a particular section of somebody else's Webpage, visit the page, 'view source', search for the text at that spotand see if there is an 'id=' clause; if so, use the ID as shown just above;if not you're out of luck.

If you want to link to a particular page of a PDF document, just put'#page=123' (replace by the desired number) at the end of the URL.

8. Tables

Here's a simple table with some headings and a few rows:

Heading A	Heading B	Heading C
Cell 1A	Cell 1B	Cell 1C
Cell 2A	Cell 2B	Cell 2C
Cell 3A	Cell 3B	Cell 3C

Same table again but with borders:

Cell 1C

Cell 2A	Cell 2B	Cell 2C
Cell 3A	Cell 3B	Cell 3C

9. Viewing Your Web Page

Simple: Open the folder where your Web page is, find the index.htmlfile, and double-click on it.

By the way, a web page can have any name at all, it doesn't have to beindex.html. Index.html is a special name that is used for the 'home page'of a website.

10. Installing Your Web Page on the Internet

How to put your web page on the Internet depends on your Internet ServiceProvider (ISP). At Columbia University, each user has a 'shell account' onthe central server, which runs a Unix-based operating system, and which youcan access with a terminal emulator such as Kermit. Here's an example thatapplies to Columbia University's web server, showing how to upload yourfiles from Windows:

There are easier ways to do this than what I describe below, but theyrequire add-on software. The following method should work for everybodywho has Windows and an Internet connection.

If you create a public_html subdirectory of yourlogin directory, give it 'world' read and search permission, and then createanindex.html file in that directory and give it worldread permission, you'll have a home page. In this example'$' is the shell prompt (yours might be different),and what you type is underlined. CAUTION: the directory nameis public_html but the underscore might be obscuredthe underline in the examples below. Whenenever typing'public_html' always include the underscore.CAUTION#2: Some Web hosting sites might use different a different name forthe user's Web directory.

You only have to do this part once.

Let's assume you have created a website in the Web folder on your PC.Here's an example of how to upload your Web files to your public_htmldirectory on Columbia University'sCunix server using FTP (File Transfer Protocol).First start the FTP program:

Start->Run

and type 'ftp' in the box. An FTP window opens and an 'ftp>'prompt appears. Type the underlined commands at the 'ftp>'prompt (substituting your own user ID, etc): Logic pro x and catalina.

This sends the index.html file to your public_htmldirectory on the server. You can send any other file by substituting itsname for 'index.html. If you want to send all the files inyour Web folder, replace 'put index.html with 'put *'(asterisk, meaning 'all files' in this directory). Always use binary modeunless you know what you're doing.

If the 'site chmod' command failed (this service is not supported by someFTP servers), you have one more step. Before others can see your web files,you have to give them 'world read' permission. Again, log in to the serverusing a terminal emulator (Telnet, SSH, Kermit, whatever), and:

Now you have a home page. If you were at Columbia and your login ID was'olga', the address (URL) of your home page would be:

http://www.columbia.edu/~olga/

If you want to add pictures to your Web page, you can upload those too (alsowith Kermit or FTP), and you also have to 'chmod 664' all the files to makethem readable by everybody. Every time you add new files to yourpublic_html directory, you have to 'chmod 664' them so theyare accessible, either in the FTP session itself (as shown previously), orby logging in to the host and:

Quartzcode 1 66 4. Pictures should be in JPG or GIF format. To include a picture ('image')in your page, include a sequence like this at the desired spot:

Replace filename by the name of the file(e.g. skyline.jpg). Almost every HTML tag can becustomized by 'attributes' in the begin tag. For example if you want theimage to scale itself to the viewer's window (on a computer, cell phone,or other device), and furthermore you want the text of the page to flowaround it, you can do:

You can look up the attributes in Google, just search for html width, html float, etc.

Now you have your own home page on the Web, and your own URL (UniformResource Locator, or Web address). In this example, the URL is:

http://www.columbia.edu/~olga/

Of course, if you prefer, you can also do all the Web-page editing directlyon the server, using an a server-based text editor like EMACS, Pico, or Viwhile logged in to the Unix shell. In that case you don't need to uploadanything (except maybe photos), but then you also need to be more familiarwith the server's Unix environment and commands and utilities.

11. Where to go from here

Most Web pages are created by hideous bloated 'Web Authoring' tools, whichare usually designed to hook you (and readers of your web pages) into somecorporate profit-making scheme. If all you want is text with some picturesand links and maybe some tables, as opposed to spinning blinking popupholograms with streaming video and sound effects, it's best to keep itsimple and do it yourself. This is how the Web started off in the HTML 1.0days of the early 1990s. The ingenious thing was that it was selfpropogating. If you saw a web page with a certain effect and wanted to knowhow it was done, you could simply 'view source' to get the 'source code' andthen adapt it to your own page. You can still do that with pages that looklike this one, but since most Web pages are no longer made by hand, you'lloften see tons of incomprehensible gibberish (the more special effects, themore gibberish), for example at CNN.

Anyway, if you have mastered the simple techniques shown in this page, youknow the basics. Which is more than can be said of many 'web designers' whoonly know how to use prepackaged software to create web pages by pickingthings from menus and moving things around with a mouse. To go further,you can almost always find out how to do what you want by searchingGoogle ('html how do I .?'), or looking at the HTML code of differentwebsites (browser 'view source' command) but, again, only for pagesthat look like this one.

Of course HTML is a standard, and here are the official references:

• TheHTML5.2 specification (2017).
• CascadingStyle Sheets (yet another 'standard' layered on top of HTML, which, likeHTML goes through many versions, each one making the previous on obsolete).

You can check the validity of your web page at the W3C Markup Validation Service.Note that this page itself does not pass the Validator because it uses anumber of 'obsolete' elements. That's because (a) they are much easier toexplain, and (b) they still work. For the first 20 years or so, HTML wasin flux, but with the release of HTML5 in 2014, it seems to be pretty stable.

You can find lots more Web pages in the same simple style as thisone at the Kermit Projectwebsite and the New York CityNew Deal website.

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